| George Harrison |
George Harrison in 1974. |
| Background information |
| Also known as | Carl Harrison
L'Angelo Misterioso
Hari Georgeson
Nelson/Spike Wilbury
George Harrysong
George O'Hara-Smith |
| Born | 25 February 1943
Liverpool, England, UK |
| Died | 29 November 2001 (aged 58)
Los Angeles, California, US |
| Genres | Rock, pop, psychedelic rock, experimental, world |
| Occupations | Musician, singer-songwriter, actor, record and film producer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, sitar, ukulele, mandolin, tambura, sarod, swarmandal, bass guitar, keyboard |
| Years active | 1958–2001 |
| Labels | Parlophone, Capitol, Swan, Apple, Vee-Jay, EMI, Dark Horse |
| Associated acts | The Quarrymen, The Beatles, Traveling Wilburys, Dhani Harrison, Ravi Shankar |
| Website | www.georgeharrison.com |
| Notable instruments |
Gretsch Country Gentleman
"Rocky"
"Lucy"
Rosewood Telecaster |
George Harrison,
[1] MBE (25 February 1943 – 29 November 2001)
[2] was an English musician, guitarist, singer-songwriter, actor and film producer who achieved international fame as
lead guitarist of
The Beatles.
[3][4] Often referred to as "the quiet Beatle",
[3] Harrison became over time an admirer of Indian mysticism, and introduced it to the other Beatles, as well as their Western audience.
[5] Following the band's break-up, he was a successful solo artist, later a founding member of the
Traveling Wilburys. Harrison was also a session musician and a film and record producer. He is listed at number 21 in
Rolling Stone magazine's list of "
100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
[6]
Although most of The Beatles' songs were written by
Lennon and McCartney, Beatle albums generally included one or two of Harrison's own songs, from
With The Beatles onwards.
[7] His later compositions with The Beatles include "
Here Comes the Sun", "
Something" and "
While My Guitar Gently Weeps". By the time of
the band's break-up, Harrison had accumulated a backlog of material, which he then released as the triple album
All Things Must Pass in 1970, from which two hit singles originated: a double A-side single, "
My Sweet Lord" backed with "
Isn't It a Pity", and "
What Is Life". In addition to his solo work, Harrison co-wrote two hits for former Beatle
Ringo Starr, as well as songs for the
Traveling Wilburys—the
supergroup he formed in 1988 with
Bob Dylan,
Tom Petty,
Jeff Lynne, and
Roy Orbison.
Harrison embraced
Indian culture and
Hinduism in the mid-1960s, and helped expand Western awareness of
sitar music and of the
Hare Krishna movement. With
Ravi Shankar he organised a major charity concert with the 1971
Concert for Bangladesh. In addition to his musical accomplishments, he was also a record producer and co-founder of the production company
HandMade Films. In his work as a film producer, he collaborated with people as diverse as the members of
Monty Python and
Madonna.
[8]
He was married twice, to model
Pattie Boyd from 1966 to 1974, and for 23 years to record company secretary
Olivia Trinidad Arias, with whom he had one son,
Dhani Harrison. He was a close friend of
Eric Clapton. He is the only Beatle to have published an autobiography, with
I Me Mine in 1980. Harrison died of lung cancer in 2001.
[edit] Early years: 1943–1959
Harrison was born in
Liverpool,
Lancashire, England, on 25 February 1943,
[9][10] the last of four children to Harold Hargreaves Harrison and his wife Louise, née French.
[11]
He had one sister, Louise, born 16 August 1931, and two brothers, Harry, born 1934, and Peter, born 20 July 1940. His mother was a Liverpool shop assistant, and his father was a bus conductor who had worked as a ship's steward on the
White Star Line. His mother's family had
Irish roots and were
Roman Catholic;
[9] his maternal grandfather, John French, was born in
County Wexford, Ireland, emigrating to Liverpool where he married a local girl, Louise Woollam.
[12]
Harrison was born in the house where he lived for his first six years:
12 Arnold Grove,
Wavertree, Liverpool, which was a small 2 up, 2 down
terraced house in a cul-de-sac, with an alley to the rear. The only heating was a single coal fire, and the toilet was outside. In 1950 the family were offered a
council house,
[13] and moved to 25 Upton Green,
Speke.
[14]
His first school was
Dovedale Primary School, very close to
Penny Lane,
[15] the same school as
John Lennon who was a couple of years ahead of him.
[16] He passed his
11-plus examination and achieved a place at the
Liverpool Institute for Boys (in the building that now houses the
Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts), which he attended from 1954 to 1959.
[17]
Harrison said that, when he was 12 or 13, he had an "epiphany" of sorts – riding a bike around his neighbourhood, he heard
Elvis Presley's "
Heartbreak Hotel" playing from a nearby house and was hooked.
[18] Even though he had done well enough on his 11-plus examination to get into the city's best high school, from that point on, the former good student lost interest in school.
[18]
When Harrison was 14 years old, he sat at the back of the class and tried drawing guitars in his schoolbooks: “I was totally into guitars. I heard about this kid at school who had a guitar at
£3 10s, it was just a little acoustic round hole. I got the £3 10s from my mother: that was a lot of money for us then.” Harrison bought a Dutch Egmond flat top acoustic guitar.
[19] While at the Liverpool Institute, Harrison formed a
skiffle group called the Rebels with his brother Peter and a friend,
Arthur Kelly.
[20] At this school he met
Paul McCartney, who was one year older.
[21] McCartney later became a member of John Lennon's band called
The Quarrymen, which Harrison joined in 1958.
[22]
[edit] The Beatles: 1960–1970
Harrison became part of The Beatles when they were still a
skiffle group called
The Quarrymen. McCartney told Lennon about his friend George Harrison, who could play "
Raunchy" on his guitar.
[23] Although Lennon considered him too young to join the band, Harrison hung out with them and filled in as needed.
[23] By the time Harrison was 15, Lennon and the others had accepted him as one of the band.
[24] Since Harrison was the youngest member of the group, he was looked upon as a kid by the others for another few years.
[25]
Harrison left school at 16 and worked as an apprentice electrician at local department store
Blacklers for a while.
[26][27] When The Beatles were offered work in Hamburg in 1960, the musical apprenticeship that Harrison received playing long hours at the
Kaiserkeller with the rest of the group, including guitar lessons from
Tony Sheridan, laid the foundations of The Beatles' sound, and of Harrison's quiet, professional role within the group;
[28] this role would contribute to his reputation as "the quiet Beatle".
[29] The first trip to Hamburg was shortened when Harrison was deported for being underage.
[30]
When
Brian Epstein became The Beatles' manager in December 1961 after seeing them perform at
The Cavern Club in November,
[31] he changed their image from that of leather-jacketed rock-and-rollers to a more polished look,
[32] and secured them a recording contract with EMI. The first single, "
Love Me Do", with Harrison playing a
Gibson J-160E,
[33][34][35] reached number 17 in the UK chart in October 1962,
[36] and by the time their debut album,
Please Please Me, was released in early 1963, The Beatles had become famous and
Beatlemania had arrived.
[37]
Harrison (third from left) with the rest of
The Beatles in America in 1964
After he revealed in an interview that he liked
jelly babies, British fans inundated Harrison and the rest of the band with boxes of the sweets as gifts. A few months later, American audiences showered the band with the much harder
jelly beans instead. In a letter to a fan, Harrison mentioned jelly babies, insisting that no one in the band actually liked them and that the press must have made it up.
[38]
The popularity of The Beatles led to a successful tour of America, the making of a film,
A Hard Day's Night (during which Harrison met his future wife
Pattie Boyd), and in the 1965
Queen's Birthday Honours, all four Beatles were appointed
Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).
[39] Harrison, whose role within the group was that of the careful musician who checked that the instruments were tuned,
[40] by 1965 and the
Rubber Soul album, was developing into a musical director as he led the others into folk-rock, via his interest in
The Byrds and
Bob Dylan,
[41] and into Indian music with his exploration of the sitar.
[42][43] Harrison's musical involvement and cohesion with the group reached its peak on
Revolver in 1966 with his contribution of three songs and new musical ideas.
[44][45] By 1967, Harrison's interests appeared to be moving outside the Beatles, and his involvement in
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band consists mainly of his one song, "
Within You Without You", on which no other Beatle plays,
[46] and which stands out for its difference from the rest of the album.
[47]
During the recording of
The Beatles in 1968, tensions were present in the band;
[48] these surfaced again during the filming of rehearsal sessions at
Twickenham Studios for the album
Let It Be in early 1969. Frustrated by ongoing slights, the poor working conditions in the cold and sterile film studio, and Lennon's creative disengagement from the group, Harrison quit the band on 10 January. He returned on 22 January after negotiations with the other Beatles at two business meetings.
[49]
Relations among The Beatles were more cordial (though still strained) during recordings for the album
Abbey Road.
[50] The album included "
Here Comes the Sun" and "
Something", "Something" was later recorded by
Frank Sinatra, who considered it "the greatest love song of the past fifty years".
[51] Harrison's increasing productivity, coupled with his difficulties in getting The Beatles to record his music, meant that by the end of the group's career he had amassed a considerable stockpile of unreleased material.
[52] Harrison's last recording session with The Beatles was on 4 January 1970. Lennon, who had left the group the previous September, did not attend the session.
[53]
[edit] Relationships with the other Beatles
For most of The Beatles career, the relationships in the group were extremely close and intimate. According to
Hunter Davies, "The Beatles spent their lives not living a communal life, but communally living the same life. They were each other's greatest friends." Harrison's wife
Pattie Boyd described how The Beatles "all belonged to each other" and admitted, "George has a lot with the others that I can never know about. Nobody, not even the wives, can break through or even comprehend it."
[54]
Ringo Starr also stated, "We really looked out for each other and we had so many laughs together. In the old days we'd have the biggest hotel suites, the whole floor of the hotel, and the four of us would end up in the bathroom, just to be with each other." and added "There were some really loving, caring moments between four people: a hotel room here and there – a really amazing closeness. Just four guys who loved each other. It was pretty sensational."
[55]
John Lennon stated that his relationship with George was "one of young follower and older guy", and admitted that "[George] was like a disciple of mine when we started."
[56] The two would often go on holiday together throughout the 60s. Their relationship took a severe turn for the worse after George published his autobiography,
I Me Mine. Lennon felt insulted and hurt that George mentioned him only in passing. Lennon claimed he was hurt by the book and also that he did more for George than any of the other Beatles. As a result, George and John were not on good terms during the last months of Lennon's life.
[57] After Lennon's murder, George paid tribute to Lennon with his song "
All Those Years Ago" which was released in 1981, six months after Lennon's murder. It contains the lyric "I always look up to you", suggesting implicit agreement with Lennon's appraisal of their relationship.
[58]
Paul McCartney has often referred to Harrison as his "baby brother",
[59] and he did the honours as best man at George's wedding in 1966. The two were the first of The Beatles to meet, having shared a school bus, and would often learn and rehearse new guitar chords together. McCartney stated that he and George usually shared a bedroom while touring.
[60]
[edit] Guitar work
Harrison's guitar work with The Beatles was varied and flexible; although not fast or flashy, his guitar playing was solid and typified the more subdued lead guitar style of the early 1960s.
[61] The influence of the
plucking guitar style of
Chet Atkins and
Carl Perkins on Harrison gave a
country music feel to The Beatles' early recordings.
[62] Harrison explored several guitar instruments, the
twelve-string, the
sitar and the
slide guitar, and developed his playing from tight eight- and twelve-bar solos in such songs as "
A Hard Day's Night" and "
Can't Buy Me Love",
[62] to lyrical
slide guitar playing,
[63] first recorded during an early session of "
If Not for You" for Dylan's
New Morning in 1970.
[64] The earliest example of notable guitar work from Harrison was the extended acoustic guitar solo of "
Till There Was You", for which Harrison purchased a
José RamÃrez nylon-stringed classical guitar to produce the sensitivity needed.
[65][66][67]
Harrison's first electric guitar was a Czech built Jolana Futurama/Grazioso,
[68] which was a popular guitar among British guitarists in the early 1960s.,
[69] The guitars Harrison used on early recordings were mainly Gretsch played through a
Vox amp.
[70] He used a variety of Gretsch guitars,
[71] including a
Gretsch Duo Jet – his first Gretsch, which he bought in 1961 second hand off a sailor in Liverpool;
[72] a Gretsch Tennessean,
[73] and his (first out of two) Gretsch Country Gentleman, bought new for £234 in April 1963 at the Sound City store in London, which he used on "
She Loves You", and on The Beatles' 1964 appearance on
The Ed Sullivan Show.[72]
During The Beatles' trip to the US in 1964, Harrison acquired a
Rickenbacker 360/12 guitar. He had tried out the 12-string electric guitar during an interview with a Minneapolis radio station, and was given the guitar either by the Rickenbacker company or the radio station.
[74] The 360/12 was an experimental
12-string guitar with the strings reversed so that the lower pitched string was struck first, and with an unusual
headstock design that made tuning easier.
[70] Harrison used the guitar extensively during the recording of
A Hard Day's Night,
[75] and the jangly sound became so popular that the
Melody Maker termed it "the beat boys' secret weapon".
[76] Roger McGuinn liked the effect Harrison achieved so much that it became his signature guitar sound with
the Byrds.
[77]
He obtained his first
Fender Stratocaster in 1965 and used it for the recording of the
Rubber Soul album, most notably on the "
Nowhere Man" track, where he played in unison with Lennon who also had a Stratocaster.
[78] Lennon and Harrison both had Sonic Blue Stratocasters, which were bought second hand by roadie
Mal Evans.
[79] Harrison painted his Stratocaster in a psychedelic design that included the word "Bebopalula" painted above the pickguard and the guitar's nickname, "Rocky", painted on the headstock. He played this guitar in the
Magical Mystery Tour film and throughout his solo career.
After
David Crosby of
the Byrds introduced him to the work of
sitar master
Ravi Shankar in 1965,
[80] Harrison—whose interest in Indian music was stirred during the filming of
Help!, which used Indian music as part of its soundtrack—played a sitar on the
Rubber Soul track "
Norwegian Wood", expanding the already nascent Western interest in Indian music.
[81] Harrison listed his early influences as
Carl Perkins,
[82] Bo Diddley,
[83] Chuck Berry[84] and the
Everly Brothers.
[85]
[edit] Song writing and singing
Harrison wrote his first song published with the Beatles, "Don't Bother Me", while sick in a hotel bed in Bournemouth during August 1963, as "an exercise to see if I
could write a song", [emphasis in original] as he remembered.
[86] "Don't Bother Me" appeared on the second Beatles album
With The Beatles later that year, then on
Meet the Beatles! in the US in early 1964, and also briefly in the film
A Hard Day's Night. The group did not record another Harrison composition until 1965, when he contributed "
I Need You" and "
You Like Me Too Much" to the album
Help!.
Harrison's songwriting improved greatly through the years, but his material did not earn respect from his fellow Beatles until near the group's break-up. McCartney told Lennon in 1969: "Until this year, our songs have been better than George's. Now this year his songs are at least as good as ours".
[87][88] Harrison had difficulty getting the band to record his songs.
[89][90] The group's incorporation of Harrison's material reached a peak of three songs on the 1966
Revolver album and four songs on the 1968 double
The Beatles.
Harrison performed the lead vocal on all Beatles songs that he wrote by himself. He also sang lead vocal on other songs, including "
Chains" and "
Do You Want to Know a Secret" on
Please Please Me, "
Roll Over Beethoven" and "
Devil in Her Heart" on
With The Beatles, "
I'm Happy Just to Dance with You" on
A Hard Day's Night, and "
Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby" on
Beatles for Sale.
[edit] Solo work: 1968–1987
Before The Beatles split up in 1970, Harrison had already recorded and released two solo albums,
Wonderwall Music and
Electronic Sound. These albums were mainly instrumental.
Wonderwall Music was a soundtrack to the
Wonderwall film in which Harrison blended Indian and Western sounds;
[91] while
Electronic Sound was an experiment in using a
Moog synthesiser.
[92] It was only when Harrison was free from The Beatles that he released what is regarded as his first "real" solo album, the commercially successful and critically acclaimed
All Things Must Pass.
[93]
[edit] All Things Must Pass (1970)
After years of being restricted in his song-writing contributions to the Beatles,
All Things Must Pass contained such a large outpouring of Harrison's songs that it was released as a
triple album,
[93] though only two of the discs contained songs—the third contained recordings of Harrison
jamming with friends.
[52][92] The album is regarded as his best work;
[94] it was a critical and commercial success, topping the charts on both sides of the Atlantic,
[52][95] and produced the number-one
hit single "
My Sweet Lord" as well as the top-10 single "
What Is Life". The album was co-produced by
Phil Spector using his "
Wall of Sound" approach,
[96] and the musicians included
Eric Clapton,
Dave Mason,
Gary Wright,
Billy Preston, and
Ringo Starr.
[52]
Harrison was later sued for
copyright infringement over the song "My Sweet Lord" because of its similarity to the 1963
Chiffons song "
He's So Fine", owned by Bright Tunes. Harrison denied deliberately plagiarising the song, but he lost the resulting court case in 1976 as the judge deemed that Harrison had "subconsciously" plagiarised "He's So Fine". When considering liable earnings, "My Sweet Lord"'s contribution to the sales of
All Things Must Pass and
The Best of George Harrison were taken into account, and the judge decided a figure of $1,599,987 was owed to Bright Tunes.
[97] The dispute over damages became complicated when Harrison's former manager
Allen Klein purchased the copyright to "He's So Fine" from Bright Tunes in 1978. In 1981, a district judge decided that Klein had acted improperly, and it was agreed that Harrison should pay Klein $587,000, the amount Klein had paid for "He's So Fine", so he would gain nothing from the deal, and that Harrison would take over ownership of Bright Tunes, making him the owner of the rights to both "My Sweet Lord" and "He's So Fine" and thus ending the copyright infringement claim. Though the dispute dragged on into the 1990s, the district judge's decision was upheld.
[97][98]
